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- WORKPLACE OS: A MACHINE WITH MULTIPLE PERSONALITIES
-
- "We'll have to come up with some better names - we know that" says
- Paul P Giangarra, lead architect of Workplace OS, referring to his
- baby. Its seems, therefore, that when the operating system finally
- appears later this year, it will bear the imaginative title 'OS/2 for
- PowerPC'. The architect hasn't had much time to do any architecting
- over the last couple of months. Instead he's been working as
- evangelist-in-chief for the technology which is the foundation of
- IBM's hopes for desktop software/the desktop. "What we are trying to
- do is something that IBM has not done very well, and that is spread
- the word" he says - giving the impression of a man who has been
- virtually living on aeroplanes. Recently he has spent his life talking
- to software authors, large corporates and, of course, journalists. It's
- a role that he obviously relishes - presenting information about
- the software with a verve reminiscent of Jeff Goldblum's scientist in
- 'The Fly'.
-
- Giangarra has been with IBM since 1977 and after working on a number
- of operating system and communications projects, ended up as chief
- designer for OS/2. A biography from IBM is at pains to point out that
- he didn't join the OS/2 effort until version 1.2 was virtually
- complete, so you can't place the earlier incarnations at his door -
- it is in versions 1.3 and 2.0 that we can see his work.
-
- Workplace OS' structure is now well defined. Its heart is a
- microkernel, a thin layer of code which provides the lowest of
- lowest-common-denominator functions necessary to the operating
- system. The basics for inter-process communication, I/O, interrupts,
- memory management and multiprocessor support - these are the province
- of the microkernel. When IBM was looking around for a suitable
- foundation it came across Carnegie Mellon University's Mach 3.0 which
- it took, trimmed, tweaked, hardened and then used. It is the same
- microkernal that is used in Taligent, but more of that later.
-
- Like any good foundation, Mach it is more or less invisible to the
- end user. To IBM, however it is vital, acting as an isolating layer
- between the hardware below and the other software above. It is worth
- noting that the Microkernal does not provide complete isolation:
- there are still issues such as 'Endianess' - the byte ordering, which
- it cannot hope to paper over. Still, it does allow IBM to concentrate
- a lot of the messy, hardware specific parts of the operating system
- into one place. Microkernal-based operating systems tend to be easily
- portable operating systems.
-
- As we have said, the microkernal only deals with the low level stuff.
- Everything else that goes to make up the operating system sits on
- top, either in 'personality neutral services' or the operating
- system-specific 'personalities'.
-
-
- +---------OS/2 For PowerPC------------------+
- | |
- | +-----------+ +-----------+ +-----------+ | +-----------+
- | | OS/2 | | DOS/Win | |Personality| | | Other |
- | |Personality| |Personality| | Neutral | | |Personality|
- | | | | | | Services | | | |
- | +-----------+ +-----------+ +-----------+ | +-----------+
- +--------------------------------------------------------+
- | IBM MICROKERNAL |
- | (MACH-BASED) |
- +--------------------------------------------------------+
-
- Giangarra favours the shorter, but more descriptive phrase "shared
- stuff" for Personality Neutral Services. The shared stuff modules - of
- which there are many - contain all the things common to many
- operating systems, but which don't have a place in the kernel. Shared
- stuff means that networking, file systems and the like only have to
- be implemented once. Certainly, if the personality-writer has an
- overwhelming desire to create a bespoke file system he, or she can write
- one, but generally its possible, to fall back upon Personality Neutral
- Services. PNS modules can even implement services traditionally
- outside the scope of the operating system - for example a
- multimedia "engine", which can then be shared by all of the
- personalities. The idea is that third party developers will be wooed
- into developing such plug-ins. In the great scheme of things PNS is
- incredibly important. It allows IBM to add capabilities to its
- operating system by stealth and it should also allow a more-or-less
- smooth integration of object-orientated services as they are
- developed.
-
- Though wide in scope, PNS facilities do not provide a graphical user
- interface, neither do they necessarily bare their interfaces to
- programmers at large. Instead they are accessed via the operating system
- personalities. These provide developers and users with the
- application programming interfaces, graphical user interfaces,
- semantics and thread -scheduling that they are used to seeing from
- their respective operating systems.
-
- This summer, IBM will introduce several enhancements to the
- Intel-based OS/2: a symmetric multiprocessing version will appear,
- and the mainline Intel-based offering will be slimmed down
- considerably. "The goal here is to be able to pre-load on a 4MB
- machine", Giangarra says, explaining that the operating system will be
- approximately 2MB smaller than it is today. Eventually (sometime in
- 1995), WPOS will be ported to the Intel platform and the summer
- release probably represents the last honing of the native Intel
- implementation.
-
- OS/2 for PowerPC will have to wait some time for the innovations.
- It is unlikely that it will ever fit into 4Mb, mainly because of the
- code expansion inherent in the move from CISC to RISC. The PowerPC
- Reference Platform document specifies 8MB as the minimum
- configuration suitable for WPOS, compared to 16Mb for AIX or Windows
- NT. Giangara says that OS/2 for PowerPC will initially lack
- multiprocessing support, but once PowerPC 604-based multiprocessing
- machines appear, "we will have the server".
-
- So far, we know that IBM is working on two personalities for Workplace
- OS - the OS/2 personality and the DOS/Windows personality. Combined,
- these two produce OS/2 for PowerPC - a split personality, if you
- like. At the heart of the DOS/Windows side sits an Instruction Set
- Translator, which converts Intel i86 instructions into PowerPC code on
- the fly. In principle, IBM's IST is similar to that used in Insignia
- Solution's SoftWindows, detecting code loops and storing them in a
- cache so that they only have to be translated once. However, while
- IBM declines to give details, the noises coming out of its emulation
- labs sound very gung-ho.
-
- To date, the best description of IBM's emulation approach, comes not
- from IBM itself, but from April's edition of Byte magazine. An
- excellent article by Tom Halfhill suggests that IBM's IST performs an
- initial "discovery" pass of the Intel binary, to construct a directed
- graph which represents the application's flow of execution. This
- means that the program can be split into basic blocks which are
- then translated. The range of optimisation techniques that the
- article outlines is impressive and the article quotes IBM as saying
- that the emulation performs as well as a 486DX/33 on a PowerPC 601
- processor. Unfortunately, it neglects to mention clock speed. As
- previously reported, the IST is not available
- to the actual OS/2 module, so your existing OS/2 for Intel
- applications will need to be recompiled for the new processor.
-
- In addition to the instruction set translator, IBM continues to take
- advantage of its now-lapsed rights to the Windows 3.1 source code.
- The company has taken this source and compiled a number of the APIs
- into native PowerPC code.
-
- How long it can maintain this approach, as Microsoft's Windows code
- diverges from 16bit Windows 3.1 towards 32bit Windows 4 (Chicago)
- remains to be seen. An alternative approach to running Windows might be
- to use the Wabi technology from Sunsoft. IBM's AIX division is taking
- this tack, but Wabi currently lacks breadth of application support and
- Giangarra was dismissive of its abilities: "We in the OS/2 world do not
- believe that Wabi will support enough Windows applications" he says,
- adding "I personally don't have that much faith in Wabi's ability to
- provide a good Windows facility for OS/2 users".
-
- As for other personalities, an AIX module is also planned to appear
- at some unspecified future date. It is not a priority since, AIX will
- run quite happily on the Power Personal machines when they first
- appear.
-
- The biggest question that seems to be in a lot of users' minds is
- "will I be able to run Macintosh software on IBM Power Personal
- machines. To be more precise, it is a question that is interesting a
- lot of Mac users at the moment. The answer is 'no' at least not under
- Workplace OS. IBM says that there is no development going on to
- produce a Macintosh personality for WPOS.
-
- The slightly longer answer is 'yes' you will be able to run Macintosh
- software, but only under the forthcoming PowerOpen-compliant version
- of AIX which is due in the second half of the year. This will
- include support for Macintosh Application Services. IBM has made it
- clear that people should not hold their breath waiting for an Apple
- System 7 personality.
-
- Which leaves Taligent. Taligent, originally a joint venture between
- Apple and IBM, but now with added Hewlett-Packard, would make a
- feature in its own right. Originally conceived as a project to build
- a top-to-bottom object-oriented operating system, the focus has
- gradually changed until now, the emphasis is on producing a rich set
- of object-based developers tools and "frameworks". A framework is a
- large grouping of objects, which together form the basis of a simple
- application-ette. A framework could be a graphing engine, a text
- editor or a file-system. Developers can take frameworks and customise
- them accreting their own objects, or customising those supplied.
-
- IBM's plan is to gradually pull Taligent technology into WPOS in
- an evolutionary way. Eventually Taligent may exist as the full
- operating system it was meant to be, but in the meantime Taligent
- parts will be added to the OS/2 Personality where it will
- enhance the graphical user interface etc. At the same time other bits
- of Taligent will appear as personality neutral services, adding
- Object extensions to any other operating systems hosted by Workplace
- OS.
-
- The biggest unknown about OS/2 for PowerPC and Workplace OS is when
- it will appear. Generally, IBM is simply saying that it will be in the
- second half and some observers suspect that means fourth quarter. In
- fact the schedule seems to be slipping. As we went to press an IBM
- spokesperson acknowledged that the finished product may not appear
- until the beginning of 1995. It may appear in beta this summer
- however. Another IBM spokesperson tells us that WPOS will appear in
- beta form with the first of the PReP compliant PowerPC machines when
- they appear in the second half.
-
- No wonder IBM is so keen on getting Windows NT ported. Without the
- Microsoft offering, the only finished OS available would be AIX. Even
- with NT, however, the first Power Personal systems will
- lack the finished "Human-Centric" interface which is so important to
- the division's success.
-
- The sight of IBM and Motorola paying for the privilege of porting NT
- to the PowerPC chip has enraged some OS/2 aficionados - a
- particularly lively debate is underway on the CompuServe PowerPC
- Forum at the moment. However IBM is caught in a cleft stick. It cannot
- afford to rush the operating system out and have it
- go off half-cocked. That was the fate of the first incarnations of
- OS/2 and IBM has learned its lesson. WPOS has the potential to be an
- excellent and innovative operating system, but one false move at the
- start could kill it. Neither is AIX the kind of operating system that
- will capture the hearts of the vast majority of PC buyers. So, Power
- Personal is left with Windows NT as a stop-gap. However, if Workplace
- OS is as good as IBM says, it should have the potential to blow NT
- away on the client machines: "We aim to raise the bar on what people
- expect from a personal computer" says Giangarra, and it is a bar that
- could do with some raising.
-
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